Research Liquids

  Introduction Exemestane is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI)¹. Unlike many other AIs, its bond to the aromatase protein is irreversible². Aromatase is associated with the final step in estrogen synthesis². Therefore, exemestane may be used to impair the production of estrogen in the study and treatment of cancers associated with the abnormal function of this hormone and/or its receptors². Exemestane may also demonstrate the efficiency of combined therapies (as opposed to monotherapies) proposed to address these diseases³. It is highly hydrophilic, and may react with the free thiol groups on the cysteine residues of many proteins².  Exemestane and Estrogen-Specific Cancers A combination of cisplatin and exemestane elicited the greatest response to treatment in a rat model of ovarian cancer³. The administration of this combination (in female Wistar rats with experimentally-induced ER-positive tumors) also resulted in significant reductions in a marker of angiogenesis, although a combination of the GnRH agonist triporelin and cisplatin was superior in this respect³. Exemestane and Other Cancers This peptide may also be effective in the treatment of other cancers with which aromatase expression is thought to be associated. This includes malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). A study on the effect of exemestane on cultured MPM cells found that the peptide elicited dose-dependent reductions in the proliferation and metabolic activity of these cells, which were significant at higher (35μM or more) doses⁴. This was found to be associated with a modulation of cAMP, and thus CD44, that resulted from treatment with exemestane⁴.  Exemestane and Pain Biology Many researchers have observed that treatment with exemestane and other similar AIs results in the side effect of pain. This is thought to be associated with certain TRPA channels in animals. The TRPA family of proteins is also associated with the neurobiological response to irritants such as wasabi (or its active ingredient, AITC)⁵. A study investigated the response of the TRPA1 channel, expressed on cell lines, to exemestane and other peptides in its category. Treatment with exemestane elicited the highest calcium response from the channels compared to that with anastrozole and letrozole, and resulted in an EC₅₀ of 58μM, compared to 134 for anastrozole and 69 for letrozole¹. All responses were significantly different compared to an identical placebo treatment¹. These effects were abolished by a selective antagonist for TRPA1¹. These effects were confirmed using cultured mouse and rat dorsal root ganglion neurons on which TRPA1s are present (i.e. 'pain' neurons). Exemestane and other AIs elicited similar calcium responses, with an EC₅₀ of 82μM for exemestane¹. The responses in normal mouse neurons were then compared to those from TRPA1-deficient mice. This resulted in significantly greater responses in the normal cells to exemestane, compared to that in the 'deficient' cells¹.  Exemestane and Antioxidant Pathways Exemestane has been found to have remarkable homology with inducer proteins associated with the genes regulated by the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway². In other words, the peptide may have potential as an antioxidant. Some researchers have demonstrated the ability of exemestane to activate the enzymes NQO1 and HO1, which may be associated with reduced damage in cultured cells following exposure to UV and hypoxia². It can also protect cells against oxidative damage caused by 4-hydroxynonenal - which is also an activator of the TRPA1 channel^2,6. Therefore, exemestane may protect against cancer development and oxidative stress, albeit with the drawback of hyperalgesia and/or various types of pain in vivo.  References:

1. Fusi C, Materazzi S, Benemei S, et al. Steroidal and non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitors induce pain-like symptoms via TRPA1. Nature communications. 2014;5:5736.
2. Liu H, Talalay P. Relevance of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of exemestane and synergism with sulforaphane for disease prevention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(47):19065-19070.
3. Tkalia IG, Vorobyova LI, Grabovoy AN, Svintsitsky VS, Tarasova TO. The antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in combination with triptorelin and exemestane therapy for an ovarian cancer ascites model in Wistar rats. Experimental oncology. 2015;37(1):30-35.
4. Nuvoli B, Germoni S, Morosetti C, et al. Exemestane blocks mesothelioma growth through downregulation of cAMP, pCREB and CD44 implicating new treatment option in patients affected by this disease. Molecular cancer. 2014;13:69.
5. Kurganov E, Zhou Y, Saito S, Tominaga M. Heat and AITC activate green anole TRPA1 in a membrane-delimited manner. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology. 2014;466(10):1873-1884.
6. Trevisani M, Siemens J, Materazzi S, et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(33):13519-13524.

Introduction Albuterol is historically linked to bronchodilation, as it activates the beta-2 subtype of the adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is available as two discrete isomers; S-albuterol and R-albuterol (also known as albuterol). A treatment consisting of a mixture of these isomers may have a complementary effect on therapeutic corticosteroids and a beneficial effect on inflammation, but purified S-albuterol lacks this property¹. Albuterol elicits generally beneficial effects in lung tissue through the modulation of different ions, occurring as a result of β2-AR activation. However, these same effects may precipitate into adverse events when albuterol is introduced into different tissues that also possess adrenergic receptors.  Albuterol and Cardiovascular Effects  High-dose albuterol is associated with increased risks of tachycardia and tachypnea (accelerated heart rate and breathing) and with ventricular arrythmia. This may be associated with sharp decreases in cellular potassium as a result of β2-AR activation, which may lead to increased weakness in various muscle tissue types². These effects may result in acute myocardial injury in severe cases². On the other hand, albuterol may also increase intracellular calcium in these cells, which may be associated with increased contractility in cardiac muscle³. Albuterol and Respiratory Conditions Treatment with albuterol is a well-established method in the alleviation of conditions such as asthma. Albuterol at concentrations of 10⁷M to 10⁶M significantly reduced the contraction in isolated guinea pig trachea mediated by 10⁷M to 10³M insulin⁴. The administration of this compound may also address conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other acute lung conditions through the regulation of sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na/K-ATPase)⁵. This enzyme is involved in the reduction of Na⁺ concentrations in alveolar spaces, thus contributing to the control of fluid accumulation and swelling in these areas of lung tissue⁵. Recent research has improved the understanding of how albuterol regulates this ATPase. A study using rat alveolar cells demonstrated the ability of the molecule to induce the influx of intracellular calcium through calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. This in turn enhances the aggregation of Na/K-ATPase at the plasma membrane of alveolar cells, which is also mediated by β2-AR activation⁵. Albuterol may also be useful in trials that determine the genes that may be involved in respiratory function and health (e.g. airway responsiveness or the regulation of inflammation). The administration of albuterol failed to change lung resistance in mice with an extra copy of the Plp gene, although it had a negative effect on this measure in normal and carrier mice⁶. This indicates a role for the gene in responsiveness. Similarly, albuterol may also be used in the study of conditions that may be associated with increased risks of respiratory dysfunction. For example, congenital cryptorchidism (or retention of the testicles in the abdominal cavity) may be comorbid with asthma symptoms in some species⁷. Treatment with albuterol significantly reduced methacholine-resistance in both rats with this condition and corresponding control animals⁷. This treatment also resulted in the increased down-regulation of interleukin-4 and -6 in the lungs of rats affected by cryptorchidism⁷. This indicates a role for albuterol in the control of respiratory inflammation for animals with co-morbid conditions. Albuterol may also be used in trials assessing novel treatments for airway constriction and other respiratory symptoms⁸.  References: 1. Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Levalbuterol versus albuterol. Current allergy and asthma reports. 2009;9(5):401-409. 2. Matos J, Jenni S, Fischer N, Bienz H, Glaus T. [Myocardial damage and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in a dog after Albuterol intoxication]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde. 2012;154(7):302-305. 3. Ogrodnik J, Niggli E. Increased Ca(2+) leak and spatiotemporal coherence of Ca(2+) release in cardiomyocytes during beta-adrenergic stimulation. The Journal of physiology. 2010;588(Pt 1):225-242. 4. Sharif M, Khan BT, Ajmal K, Anwar MA. Acute effect of insulin on guinea pig airways and its amelioration by pre-treatment with salbutamol. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2014;64(8):932-935. 5. Keller MJ, Lecuona E, Prakriya M, et al. Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels mediate the beta(2)-adrenergic regulation of Na,K-ATPase. FEBS letters. 2014;588(24):4686-4693. 6. Rodriguez E, Sakowski L, Hobson GM, et al. Plp1 gene duplication inhibits airway responsiveness and induces lung inflammation. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2015;30:22-31. 7. Rodriguez E, Barthold JS, Kreiger PA, et al. The orl rat is more responsive to methacholine challenge than wild type. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014;29(2):199-208. 8. Donovan C, Simoons M, Esposito J, Ni Cheong J, Fitzpatrick M, Bourke JE. Rosiglitazone is a superior bronchodilator compared to chloroquine and beta-adrenoceptor agonists in mouse lung slices. Respiratory research. 2014;15:29.

Anastrozole is a reversible competitive aromatase inhibitor (AI) with high specificity and affinity1,2. It has a chemical formula of C17H19N5 and a mass of 293.366 g/mol. Anastrozole, Estrogen and Testosterone This molecule binds to aromatase, which prevents the conversion of estrogen to testosterone¹. These reductions in estrogen are used in medicine and research to reduce the supply of the hormone to its receptors (ERs) on tumor cells³. A recent trial of the effects of anastrozole on murine ER-positive carcinoma cells found the AI significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation at a range of doses³. It may be intuitive therefore to assume a role for anastrozole in the effects of testosterone on its physiological and pathological effects. However, a recent study using male Fisher 344 rats found that anastrozole had little effect on the bone-conserving properties of testosterone. This study randomly allocated orchidectomized rats to dose-regimens of testosterone, anastrozole, trenbolone (a testosterone analog which cannot be converted to estrogen), both anastrozole and trenbolone or placebo⁴. The 'testosterone'and 'trenbolone' group suppressed the bone loss seen in the placebo group compared to intact animals, but this was not affected positively or negatively in the groups receiving anastrozole⁴. In addition, anastrozole did not affect the increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass seen in the placebo group⁴. Anastrozole is an azole, which leads to its classification as a non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitor⁵. It is electrophilic, which suggests a role in ion channel activation⁵. Anastrozole and Pain Anastrozole has been found to produce the side-effect of pain when used as a treatment or intervention⁵. This adverse event most often arises in the form of joint or neuropathic (or nerve damage-related) pain⁵. This azole has demonstrated the ability to induce or increase pain in murine studies⁵. Anastrozole has been found to target the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is a mediator of neuropathic pain, chemical irritation and pain related to inflammatory stimuli^5,6. Mouse models of genetic TRPA1 deficiency and blockade have shown that anastrozole administration resulted in the calcium response of this channel⁵. This indicates a role for anastrozole in models and studies of neuropathy, inflammatory pain and irriation in the future. References: 1. Geisler J. Differences between the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole--of clinical importance? British journal of cancer. 2011;104(7):1059-1066. 2. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9922):1041-1048. 3. Topcul M, Cetin I, Ozlem Kolusayin Ozar M. The effects of anastrozole on the proliferation of FM3A cells. J BUON. 2013;18(4):874-878. 4. Beck DT, Yarrow JF, Beggs LA, et al. Influence of aromatase inhibition on the bone-protective effects of testosterone. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(11):2405-2413. 5. Fusi C, Materazzi S, Benemei S, et al. Steroidal and non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitors induce pain-like symptoms via TRPA1. Nature Communications. 2014;5:5736. 6. Trevisani M, Siemens J, Materazzi S, et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(33):13519-13524.

Albuterol Albuterol is an agonist of the [beta]-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is commonly available in two forms, R-albuterol (or levalbuterol) and S-albuterol¹. Levalbuterol is often regarded as the active form of this molecule, as S-albuterol as been found to remain in circulation for up to twelve times longer than its other isomer¹. Albuterol and Respiration This class of drug elicits bronchodilation through the recruitment of sodium/potassium ATPases in the alveoli of animal lungs via changes in calcium concentrations². A recent study has found that this is associated with calcium release-activated calcium channels linked to stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)². A rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) found that the genes for sodium/potassium ATPase-α were significantly increased in response to intratracheal and intravenous albuterol, but only if alveolar ion channel and aquaporin gene expression were elevated beforehand (i.e. by experimental ARDS induction)³. Albuterol is often used as a standard when assessing the binding (and other) properties of novel β2-AR agonists⁴. It was also recently used to validate the bronchoconstrictive properties of insulin in a study using guinea pigs⁵. Albuterol has also been found to potentiate concurrently-available corticosteroids and modulate inflammatory responses when inhaled¹. Albuterol and Cardiovascular Research Albuterol has been proposed as a preventative against hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) in anesthetized animals. However, it is also linked to increased risks of cardiac complications (e.g. changes in heart rate) due to its effects on β2-ARs outside the lungs⁶. An electrophysiological study using mice with experimentally-induced heart failure found that this intervention resulted in significantly decreased bronchial tissue responses to albuterol⁷. This was most probably due to significant decreases in β2-AR expression following heart failure⁷. Albuterol and Body Composition(?) Albuterol may also have positive effects on fat accumulation and metabolism. A group of researchers have claimed that doses of albuterol, caffeine or both increased lipid breakdown in cultured lipocytes⁸. They also reported a long-term trend of increased metabolic rates in rats, although increases in lean body mass and reductions in fat mass in response to the combination of caffeine and albuterol was greater compared to those associated with albuterol alone⁸. References: 1. Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Levalbuterol versus albuterol. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009;9(5):401-409. 2. Keller MJ, Lecuona E, Prakriya M, et al. Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels mediate the beta(2)-adrenergic regulation of Na,K-ATPase. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(24):4686-4693. 3. Uhlig C, Silva PL, Ornellas D, et al. The effects of salbutamol on epithelial ion channels depend on the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome but not the route of administration. Respir Res. 2014;15:56. 4. Baker JG, Proudman RG, Hill SJ. Salmeterol's extreme beta2 selectivity is due to residues in both extracellular loops and transmembrane domains. Mol Pharmacol. 2015;87(1):103-120. 5. Sharif M, Khan BT, Ajmal K, Anwar MA. Acute effect of insulin on guinea pig airways and its amelioration by pre-treatment with salbutamol. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(8):932-935. 6. Casoni D, Spadavecchia C, Adami C. Cardiovascular changes after administration of aerosolized salbutamol in horses: five cases. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2014;56(1):49-49. 7. Rinaldi B, Capuano A, Gritti G, et al. Effects of chronic administration of beta-blockers on airway responsiveness in a murine model of heart failure. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014;28(2):109-113. 8. Liu AG, Arceneaux KP, 3rd, Chu JT, et al. The effect of caffeine and albuterol on body composition and metabolic rate. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015.

Pramipexole is a research liquid that has been used in studies on animal test subjects that suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other disorders that relate to the nervous system and exhibit difficulties moving, balancing and controlling muscles. Studies on animal test subjects have indicated that It may help to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as stiffness, inability to balance, shaking body parts and slowed movements. Another study on animal test subjects indicated that Pramipexole showed improvements in restless legs syndrome, which is when the legs have a discomfort and there is a strong urge to move them. This constant leg movement mainly happens during the night, while lying down or sitting. You’ll find this research liquid under the classification of dopamine agonists. Studies have also shown on animal test subjects, it replaces dopamine, which is a natural substance located in the brain, and is needed to help animal test subjects control movement. Side Effects of Pramipexole Although Pramipexole is still being studied, there are side effects that have shown to be prevalent in some animal test subjects. One particular side effect is falling asleep during normal daily activities after being fully alert, such as while eating, moving around, or getting clean. Studies on animal test subjects have concluded It is not recommended that any type of strenuous activity come after exposure to this research liquid. Studies indicate that intense urges may also arise, such as increased desire to have sex, eat odd things, or any other urges that aren’t normally present. The animal test subjects who shown to have restless leg syndrome sometimes have symptoms that grow worse or begin to witness restless symptoms in their arms and hands. In some instances, it may even cause hallucinations, but this is mainly amongst the elderly animal test subjects. Here is a list of the other side effects that have been associated with Pramipexole studies:

• Nausea, weakness, sweating, fainting or light-headedness
• Muscle tenderness, pain or weakness, along with a fever or flu-like symptoms and urine that is dark-colored
• Pain in the chest, coughing up mucus that is pink or white, and wheezing
• Shortness of breath, rapid weight gain, swelling
• Tremors in the eyes, tongue, lips, legs, face, or arms
• Feeling weak or tired, appetite loss, or rapid weight loss
• Blurred vision
• Impotence, loss desire to have sex
• Amnesia, problems thinking, insomnia, unusual dreams

Other Uses of Pramipexole Other than being used for restless leg syndrome and Parkinson’s disease, there have also been studies conducted on animal test subjects who suffer from bipolar depression and unipolar depression. In the study for bipolar depression, twenty-one animal test subjects were given Pramipexole and it showed to be highly effective as treatment. The dosage was three times daily at 0.125 mg, and then was increased by 0.125 mg three times daily until 4.5 mg daily doses were reached. This is when the animal test subjects showed satisfactory responses to the research liquid or weren’t able to abide the side effects. The unipolar depression study also carried a controlled study and the results were efficacious in treating the condition. More research studies are being done with Pramipexole for other health problems, like cluster headaches, which is a reoccurring severe headache that appears on one side of the head, usually near the eye. It has also been used on animal test subjects who have sexual dysfunction due to taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, also known as SSRIs. Currently, this research liquid is being studied to determine if it can successfully treat clinical depression and fibromyalgia. Disclaimer: Pramipexole is a research liquid that should not be consumed by people. It should only be purchased for the purpose of conducting studies. Research projects should be performed in a lab setting using protective gear. Strict laboratory guidelines should be adhered to while testing this research liquid on subjects. It is also recommended that you immediately rinse the research liquid off of your skin if exposed to it.

Letrozole is the generic name of a currently tested research liquid called Femara. Scientific studies have been conducted on animal test subjects to determine whether this research liquid can be used to treat ovulation issues and unexplained infertility in different test subjects. Letrozole is a research liquid that is classified as an aromatase inhibitor. This research liquid has also been used in animal test subject studies for the treatment of cancer in breast tissue. How Letrozole is used for Fertility When animal test subjects are exposed to this research liquid, it has shown to inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which then causes estrogen levels to be suppressed. Studies on animal test subjects have shown to causes the brain and pituitary gland to release larger amounts of follicle stimulating hormones, or FSH. Animal test subjects that had polycystic ovary syndrome or anovulation (issues with ovulating), the FSH increase causes a mature follicle to develop within the ovary and cause egg ovulation. In the medical world, this is known as “induction of ovulation”. Letrozole is also being studied on animal test subjects that are already able to ovulate, but are still having problems getting pregnant. When researched, Letrozole has shown to causes the development of multiple follicles, which results in multiple eggs being released. Scientific studies on animal test subjects indicate this may help to increase chances of animal test subjects from becoming pregnant during a natural menstrual cycle. The scientific term for the process of multiple eggs and follicles being produced is controlled ovarian hyper stimulation or superovulation. Clomid Vs. Letrozole Clomid, also known as clomiphene citrate, is another research liquid that is being studied with animal test subjects to help stimulate ovulation when it can’t be done naturally on their own. Some of the animal test subject concluded that Clomid didn’t work for researched Letrozole and received favorable results. The following results were determined:

• Some of the test results who didn’t respond to Clomid had their ovulation induced when Letrozole was used.
• Some of the animal test subjects that used Clomid and never got pregnant used Famara and conceived.
• Unpleasant side effects results in some of the test subjects that used Clomid, making Famara more favorable for them.

Success Rate of Famara-Letrozole The chances of test subjects becoming pregnant with Famara are pretty much the same as if they used Clomid. This all comes down to the age of the test subject, sperm quality and status of the fallopian tubes. A higher success rate was found in test subjects that weren’t able to ovulate on their own. The following conditions improve the success rate of test subjects by 15% per month:

• No other problems with fertility are found in the animal test subjects
• The test subject is younger than half of their natural life cycle.

The lowest success rate was in animal test subjects that had unexplained infertility problems, but still ovulate on their own. Other Uses for Letrozole This research liquid has also been used on postmenopausal animal test subjects who have had surgery for hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer and advanced breast cancer. It has also been tested on subjects that have received five years of tamoxifen therapy. Research has been done on animal test subjects that are in menopause (natural or artificially induced) who have cancer that’s spread from their breast to other areas of the body, and have already had anti-estrogen therapy. Letrozole is being tested in breast cancer animal test subjects because it inactivates an enzyme called aromatase, which prevents estrogen production. Estrogen is a known source for cancer cell growth. Disclaimer: Letrozole is a research liquid that has been used for scientific research on animal test subjects for breast cancer and infertility. It is advised that you only purchase this product with the intention of vitro laboratory research and experimentation only. It is not intended for human use or consumption.

In the world of research liquids, Cabergoline is among one that is teaching scientists quite a bit. They have been studying the effects on numerous test subjects, but the ones that are showing the most promise in terms of research are rats. Researchers are able to see the results quickly, and change their experiments minimally to learn more about what the liquid itself is doing to the test subject's body. The benefits that Cabergoline could offer in terms of knowledge are growing with each new experiment that is being performed.

What Does Cabergoline Interact With?

First discovered in 1981, and patented in 1985, Cabergoline is a synthetic liquid that originated with researchers in Italy. This ergot derivative has shown impressive results in inhibiting prolactin cells on D2 receptors for dopamine. Researchers are regularly using this as a first line of defense when managing prolactins, because this research liquid seems to stick to more D2 receptors than other research liquids in the same family. However, it also sticks with other receptors, such as D3 and D4 receptors, and some of the 5-HT receptors.

What Are the Specifications of Cabergoline?

So far, researchers have discovered that Cabergoline has a half-life that is between 63 and 69 hours, allowing for researchers to perform long-term experiments and see how different test subjects and their cells react to Cabergoline exposure. Once the liquid starts to break down in preparation to exit the body, researchers have found the majority of the remnants to be excreted in the feces of the test subject, instead of the urine. There is very little information on whether or not this research liquid is safe during pregnancy, so those experiments are yet to come. However, rats have shown that it is crossing over into their milk, so it is not recommended to be experimented on during lactation. When it was used during lactation, it did show that the research liquid suppressed the milk production in the female rats, and has since been used to help treat false pregnancies in dogs so help dry up the milk supply.

What Side Effects Have Been Common with Cabergoline?

Researchers have found that most of the side effects that come along with exposure to Cabergoline are totally dependent on the dosage the test subject is exposed to. The more research liquid the rat was exposed to, the higher its chances of having one of these side effects. The most common side effects were nausea, dry mouth, low blood pressure, and constipation. Some of the less common side effects included disturbances in the test subject's sleeping cycles (either trouble sleeping or trouble staying awake), vertigo, irregular heartbeats, depression, and edema. Researchers also noticed that some of the test subjects also had increases in their levels of liver enzymes, but showed no adverse side effects of these increases. Cabergoline is a very valuable liquid in terms of what it can teach researchers. They are able to see the differences that each dose can make on different cells over longer times than many other research liquids. The side effects that researchers are seeing with exposure to Cabergoline are minimal in comparison to the side effects that come with many of the ailments this research liquid is teaching them about; allowing them to see what damage is being done to the body by the ailments directly. This is helping researchers learn more about the body's response to these ailments, and could help uncover a way to treat them in the future for these test subjects. DISCLAIMER: Cabergoline is not intended for human use or human consumption in any form. Exposure to this research liquid could cause harm, and should be avoided at all costs. These research liquids are for research purposes only, and should not be used for any other circumstance.

There are numerous liquids that are used for all types of research, and the same goes for Clomiphene Citrate. This common research liquid is used in many research campaigns when it comes to studying fertility issues within numerous species of test subjects. Each experiment that is being performed is leading to new discoveries when it comes to fertility, specifically ovulation and sperm count issues, and is helping scientists learn more about mammal reproductive systems.

What Is Clomiphene Citrate?

This research liquid is commonly used in the study of mammalian reproductive issues. It has shown promise in helping to correct issues for both male and female test subjects. The majority of test subjects exposed to Clomiphene Citrate with regular reproductive issues wound up pregnant, and the chances of miscarriage after exposure to Clomiphene Citrate did not increase in any of the mammals tested.

What Does Clomiphene Citrate Do?

When Clomiphene Citrate is used for research, it is commonly used to help resolve different types of reproductive issues. It has been shown through numerous types of research to boost low sperm counts and testosterone levels in male test subjects, plus it has been shown to increase chances of ovulation in female test subjects. This is helping researchers diagnose reproductive issues and learn what some of the causes of these issues could be. So far, researchers have learned a lot and helped to solve some of the more common reproductive mysteries. Clomiphene Citrate has been used to treat test subjects that have issues such as infrequent or lack of ovulation, and has shown great successes in the female test subjects becoming pregnant. This is done by the research liquid stimulating the female reproductive system to produce and release one, or numerous, eggs. It has helped researchers learn what types of hormones each animal's body produces prior to and during ovulation, and studying what level those hormones need to get to and stay at to successfully maintain a pregnancy. It has also been used to increase testosterone levels in male test subjects of different stages in life. It has been successfully used in juvenile test subjects through elderly test subjects, and shown success. This allows for an increased chance of pregnancy when the issues stood within the male part of the test subject couple. Male test subjects also showed increased energy, an increase in muscle mass, loss of fat on the body, and overall better emotional health when exposed to Clomiphene Citrate. The main benefit that researchers saw on the male test subjects is that it showed no interference in how the body maintained the proper balance of the testosterone, after the body got stimulated to make more. The body was still able to properly function, instead of having to risk having too much testosterone left over. DISCLAIMER: Clomiphene Citrate is not intended for any type of human consumption. This research liquid is for research purposes only, and should not be used for any other purpose. Researchers using this research liquid should wear all protective clothing to minimize the chances of any incidental contact, and should any type of exposure occur, steps should be taken to cleanse the affected area immediately. The research into Clomiphene Citrate has been going on for years, but there are still many things that it can teach scientists. The more that this research liquid is studied, the more researchers are learning when it comes to proper diagnosis and resolution to many mammalian reproductive issues. This peptide has the opportunity to break the reproduction system of mammals into easier to fix steps than ever before.

Anastrozole has been in the news a lot over the last couple of years. This is due to the advancements it has shown in research at helping avoid breast cancer in test subjects that are prone to the disease. Scientists have been able to learn a lot about how this enzyme works recently, which may open up new research opportunities in the future in breakthroughs for breast cancer treatment. Here is some information on how Anastrozole has come into the spotlight.

What Exactly is Anastrozole?

Anastrozole is a drug that is currently being studied to see how effective it is at reducing the amounts of different hormones within female test subjects. The focus is currently surrounding hormones that are typically responsible for reproduction in female test subjects, and how those hormones can be inhibited or stopped altogether. There has been a significant link found between higher hormone levels and increased risk for breast cancer, so scientists are trying to focus their experiments on test subjects that have gotten past their reproductive years, but there is also a lot of promise being shown in subjects that are also undergoing other types of cancer treatment. What has been found so far is that the inhibiting factor that comes with consistent doses of Anastrozole is lowering the growth potential for certain types of tumors that are often a part of a breast cancer diagnosis. When Anastrozole is not given consistently, the test subjects are not seeing the same type of progress or decreases in tumor size, but a standardized dose has not yet been discovered. Researchers are working mostly on female rats at this point in time, but the research has shown a lot of promise at helping scientists map out what these tumors need to grow successfully.

How Does Anastrozole Work?

So far research has shown the most promise in female test subjects that are beyond their reproductive years. It works specifically by reducing the production of female hormones, which are thought to be one of the main contributors to breast cancer in older female subjects. Anastrozole is given in different dosages depending on how large the animal is, and has shown promise in keeping breast cancer cells from forming. This is especially true in those who have some sort of predisposition or genetic predilection to cancer before the trials began. Anastrozole also inhibits how much of the hormone that is left in the body is able to be absorbed by the body. So far, this has shown scientists that breast cancer tumors are not able to grow as quickly or as large. This has led to additional types of research where scientists have been trying to see what happens to the cancerous tumor if more types of hormones are removed or decreased from the bodies of test subjects. This is helping researchers map out the requirements each type of tumor has in order to flourish. Anastrozole has the potential to teach scientists a lot about how breast cancer forms and what types of cells and hormones it requires in order to take over the body of a test subject. The more research that is able to be done on different test subjects, the more potential information scientists could come up with for battling the disease on a larger scale. Warning: Peptides are never intended for any type of human consumption, and could be dangerous if used improperly. Peptides are solely intended for scientific research, and should not be used in any fashion other than how they were intended. Care must be taken to avoid exposure, including but not limited to protective eyewear and clothing, and proper research techniques.  

Clenbuterol is a B2 receptor agonist that is has become highly sought after for many different types of research. Scientists are performing many different types of tests on their test subjects to learn about the different effects it has when exposed to different types of cells. If you are considering buying Clenbuterol for any type of research, then learning what to look for in a high quality peptide is very important. Here is what you should be on the lookout for when you need Clenbuterol.

What Clenbuterol Looks Like

Buying Clenbuterol from a reputable company ensures that your research results will be most accurate and repeatable. When you open your package containing Clenbuterol, you will see a clear liquid that is already diluted and ready to research. You will want to measure the solution very carefully so that you can be sure your research is accurate. You only want to research fresh and properly diluted solutions in all of your research studies so that you can be sure that you are to remain safe and that your research remains precise.

How Clenbuterol Behaves Under Research Conditions

When researching Clenbuterol, studies has discovered a few common reactions. The first reaction is often an increase in test subjects body temperature.  Studies have also concluded that, most test subjects begin burning fat due to the fact that the metabolism of the test subjects is increased. An unexpected reaction that may be noticed during research is a decrease in any breathing difficulties that test subjects may have shown previously to exposure to Clenbuterol. This seems to coincide with the bronchodilator effect that this peptide has shown in previous studies.

The Quality of All Research Peptides Matter

For those doing research on peptides such as Clenbuterol, you need to make sure you are researching only the best quality peptide. You want to be able to perform different experiments and rely on the information you receive back. Plus, if you find useful information through one experiment, you will want others to be able to recreate the same type of test and get the same results. Don't settle for anything less than the best quality peptides so that you can ensure that every part of your research is as precise as possible. Please Note: Clenbuterol is not intended or safe for human consumption. It can be dangerous and cause harmful effects if ingested or injected into human tissue. Clenbuterol must be handled by all researchers with care following proper safety procedures. If you come in contact with this peptide, cleanse the skin immediately and follow the manufacturer's instructions on who to contact.