SS-31 10mg

SS-31 Peptide, also known in the scientific literature as a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide, is composed of the amino acid sequence D-Arg–Dmt–Lys–Phe. SS-31 has been examined in in vitro and in vivo (animal) laboratory research for its interaction with mitochondrial membranes and its role in cellular bioenergetics and oxidative stress pathways. This product is intended exclusively for laboratory research applications and is not intended for human or veterinary use.⁽¹⁾

Mitochondrial Function Research

A primary area of interest for SS-31 in laboratory research is mitochondrial structure and function. Research using isolated mitochondria and cultured cell lines indicates that SS-31 interacts with cardiolipin-rich regions of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This interaction has been associated with modulation of mitochondrial membrane stability and electron transport chain efficiency, making SS-31 a valuable research tool for investigating mitochondrial bioenergetics under controlled laboratory conditions.^(2,3)

Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species Studies

SS-31 has also been utilized in in vitro models examining oxidative stress mechanisms. Studies involving stressed cellular systems suggest that SS-31 may influence the production and localization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mitochondria. These properties support its use in laboratory research focused on redox signaling, mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress, and cellular responses to metabolic challenge.⁽⁴⁾

Cellular Energy Metabolism Research

In vitro investigations have further explored the role of SS-31 in cellular energy metabolism. Experiments conducted in cultured muscle, neuronal, and epithelial cells indicate that SS-31 may affect ATP production efficiency and mitochondrial coupling. These findings make SS-31 relevant for mechanistic studies examining the relationship between mitochondrial integrity and cellular energy dynamics in non-clinical research environments.^(3,5)

Mitochondrial Stress and Structural Integrity Models

Another research application of SS-31 involves cellular models of mitochondrial stress and structural disruption. In vitro studies suggest that SS-31 may influence mitochondrial morphology, including cristae organization, under experimentally induced stress conditions. Such models are useful for investigating peptide–lipid interactions and mitochondrial resilience in simplified experimental systems.^(2,6)

Important Notice

This SS-31 peptide product is strictly for in vitro and in vivo (animal) laboratory research only and is not approved for human or animal use. Any application outside of controlled laboratory research settings is prohibited. Results obtained from laboratory research do not establish safety, efficacy, or suitability for clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic use.

Product Information

SS-31 is supplied for research purposes only. It should be handled by qualified laboratory personnel and used in accordance with standard laboratory safety procedures. This material is intended solely for controlled laboratory experimental applications.

References

1. Zhao K, Zhao GM, Wu D, et al. Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling and oxidative cell death. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(33):34682–34690.
2. Birk AV, Chao WM, Liu S, Soong Y, Szeto HH. Disruption of cytochrome c heme coordination is responsible for mitochondrial membrane permeabilization by oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(11):3591–3596.
3. Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(8):2029–2050.
4. Brown DA, Hale SL, Baines CP, et al. Reduction of early reperfusion injury with the mitochondria-targeting peptide SS-31. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;102(1):1–10.
5. Anderson EJ, Lustig ME, Boyle KE, et al. Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(3):573–581.
6. Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, Szeto HH. The mitochondrial-targeting compound SS-31 reverts age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse hearts. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(4):e000620.